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Mev Shreb
Japan started it’s industrialisation way back during the Meiji restoration, 1869. Essentially the USA just prior came to Japan, threatened the Japanese into signing unfair treaties, and probably were planning a colonisation attempt eventually.
The Japanese panicked for their existence, the most powerful Japanese domains got behind the Emperor and they overthrew the Shogun, the Shogun ran off up into Hokkaido, but eventually gave up and become a nobody after that.

日本的工業(yè)化始于1869年的明治維新。實際上，在此之前，美國逼迫日本簽署不平等條約，并可能計劃進行殖民統(tǒng)治。
日本人因生存受到威脅而感到恐慌，最強大的日本藩國支持天皇，推翻了幕府。幕府將軍逃到了北海道，但最終放棄了，成為了一個無名小卒。

This is also known as a bloodless war, because there wasn’t much death, most Japanese thought the Shogun was incompetent and thought the country was not doing too well, so they wanted to change directions. So there wasn’t much resistance to overthrowing the Shogun.

這也被稱為一場不流血的戰(zhàn)爭因為沒有太多的死亡，大多數(shù)日本人認為幕府無能，認為這個國家做得不好，所以他們想改變方向。所以推翻幕府將軍的反抗并不強烈。

The actual military industrialisation if you want to call it that, actually started even slightly prior, such as around in the early 1860’s. Japan after the emperor was the ruler again, it focused all it’s effort on modernising the military ahead of any other sector, with the rational that without a powerful military, you in essence have no national security. Japan understood that you can’t expect countries to not attack Japan, just because Japan didn’t attack them. The only thing that would stop an attack, if if Japan had a powerful army to make them think twice.
So this is what happened.

真正的軍事工業(yè)化，如果你想這么稱呼它的話，實際上開始得更早一些，比如在19世紀60年代早期。日本天皇再次成為統(tǒng)治者后，它把所有的精力都集中在軍事現(xiàn)代化上，而不是其他任何領域，理由是沒有強大的軍隊，你本質上就沒有國家安全。日本明白，你不能指望其他國家不攻擊日本，僅僅因為日本沒有攻擊他們。唯一能阻止進攻的，是如果日本有一支強大的軍隊讓他們三思而后行。
這就是發(fā)生的事情。

By around the 1880’s Japan had also modernised in other fields however, like in chemistry, engineering, medicine etc. Again, most of this was via Japanese scholars going to Europe, bringing back anything useful for Japan. These scholars were of upper class, they didn’t bring back or care about the culture that existed in Europe, and instead perceived it as inferior to Japan’s. However they recognised that in Europe the fields of technology and science were ahead, and that Japan had to go there and gather this knowledge.

到1880年代，日本在其他領域也進行了現(xiàn)代化，比如化學、工程、醫(yī)學等。大多數(shù)這些進步是通過日本學者前往歐洲獲得的，他們將任何對日本有用的東西帶了回來。這些學者大多來自上層階級，他們并沒有帶回或關心歐洲的文化，而是認為其文化低于日本。然而，他們意識到歐洲在技術和科學領域處于領先地位，因此日本必須去那里汲取知識。

Thus Japan didn’t undergo “westernisation” in a sense, it underwent technological modernisation. Because Japan retained it’s culture, it’s religion, it’s language, writing, customs etc. It merely took back useful technology and understanding of certain fields that would be useful for Japan’s modernisation.

因此，日本并沒有在某種意義上經歷“西方化”，而是進行了技術現(xiàn)代化。因為日本保留了自己的文化、宗教、語言、文字、習俗等。它只是帶回了對日本現(xiàn)代化有用的技術和對某些領域的理解。

South Korea’s history is a lot different. South Korea never got to modernise itself, instead it’s first modernisation occurred via the Japanese who invaded and took over Korea. The Japanese essentially took all of their industrial knowledge that they had in Japan, and replicated it over in Korea and even Manchuria. And within just 2 decades Korea went from the equivalent of a country stuck in the 1400’s, to now a country in the early 1900’s.

韓國的歷史則大不相同。韓國從來沒有實現(xiàn)過自己的現(xiàn)代化，相反，它的第一次現(xiàn)代化是通過入侵并占領朝鮮的日本人實現(xiàn)的。日本人基本上把他們在日本擁有的所有工業(yè)知識，復制到了朝鮮，甚至滿洲。在短短20年的時間里，韓國從一個相當于被困在14世紀的國家，變成了現(xiàn)在一個處于20世紀初的國家。

Japan even printed the first Hangul newspapers, and brought back Hangul teaching in Korean schools. This is because the Japanese didn’t want the Chinese scxt replacing the native Korean one.
Then Japan was mass bombed in WW2, Japanese from most areas in Asia went back to Japan (some remained obviously, but most left).

日本甚至印刷了第一批韓文報紙，并在韓國學校推廣了韓文教學。這是因為日本不希望漢字取代本土的朝鮮文字。然后，日本在二戰(zhàn)中遭到大規(guī)模轟炸，來自亞洲大部分地區(qū)的日本人返回了日本（顯然有一些留下來，但大多數(shù)都離開了）。

This created a power vacuum in Korea, who were the rulers?
What occurred is that Chinese and Russian type forces moved into the north of Korea, this was happening at the very end of WW2 BTW, just shortly after the Japanese left.
The USA noticed what was happening and then sent it’s own forces into Korea, into the South of Korea. The country was then split into two, and the north fell to Com...ism.

這在韓國造成了權力真空，誰是統(tǒng)治者呢？發(fā)生的事情是，中國和俄羅斯的軍隊進入了韓國北部，這發(fā)生在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結束之際，正是在日本撤離不久之后。美國注意到了這一情況，隨后也派遣自己的軍隊進入朝鮮，進駐韓國南部。于是這個國家被分成了兩部分，北部陷入了GCZY。

Then by 1950, the Korean war starts. North Korea is largely destroyed in the Korean war. Virtually every city, factory etc in North Korea was destroyed.
Therefore, nearly every modernisation the Japanese had once built there, North Korea was instantly sent back by that all being bombed and destroyed in the Korean war (a crazy war that killed around 5 million people).

然后到1950年，朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭開始。朝鮮在戰(zhàn)爭中遭到嚴重破壞。幾乎每個城市、工廠等都被摧毀。因此，曾經日本在朝鮮建立的幾乎所有現(xiàn)代化成果，在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中都被轟炸和摧毀了（這是一場瘋狂的戰(zhàn)爭，造成了約500萬人死亡）。

Here is what happened to NK, and accounts from American soldiers admit that “we destroyed everything in our wake, every town, village” etc. And you don’t have to take those soldier’s accounts for it, the photos also show it.

這就是朝鮮的遭遇，美國士兵的證言承認“我們摧毀了我們經過的每一個地方，每個城鎮(zhèn)、村莊”等等。而且你不必只依靠士兵的證言，照片也證實了這一點。

There was literally nothing left of North Korea, and it was Chinese solders that marched into NK that eventually resulted in SK’s and Americans retreating and the war ending.
South Korea took city damage also, but because South Korea had more cities and towns and a larger population, a lot of it’s stuff also wasn’t destroyed.

朝鮮幾乎一無所有，最終是中國士兵進入朝鮮，導致了韓國和美軍的撤退，以及戰(zhàn)爭的結束。韓國也遭受了城市的破壞，但由于韓國擁有更多的城市和城鎮(zhèn)，以及更大的人口，很多地方并沒有被摧毀。

Therefore after the Korean war, NK got set back heavily, and the Chinese who then took over kind of unofficially administering NK, the Chinese didn’t give the NK’s everything they needed.
You have to understand, that for China, they like the NK’s to be able to have weapons and be able to punch back, however the Chinese don’t necessarily want to aid NK outside of that, meaning China doesn’t want to aid NK’s tech, automotive, farming, business venture etc to the point that NK doesn’t need China anymore.
China wants to keep NK in a situation where it needs China, so China effectively has control of it.
So NK has been kept in essentially a depressed state, on purpose.

因此，朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭后，朝鮮遭受了嚴重的倒退，而當時中國在一定程度上非正式地管理朝鮮，實際上并沒有給予朝鮮所需的一切。你必須明白，對于中國來說，他們希望朝鮮能夠擁有武器并能夠反擊，但中國并不一定想在其他方面支持朝鮮，這意味著中國不想在科技、汽車、農業(yè)、商業(yè)等方面援助朝鮮，以至于朝鮮不再需要中國。因此，朝鮮一直處于一種本質上處于蕭條的狀態(tài)，這是故意的。

Now for South Korea, the South Koreans took over rebuilding infrastructure right at the end of the Korean war. Some Japanese stuff remained, but the South Koreans built way more stuff since then.But ultimately speaking, the South Koreans just haven’t had as long to modernise or develop as the Japanese have.

至于韓國，韓國人在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭結束時接手了基礎設施的重建。一些日本的設施仍然存在，但自那時以來，韓國人建設了更多的東西。但歸根結底，韓國人沒有像日本人那樣有那么長的時間進行現(xiàn)代化或發(fā)展。

That’s why South Korea still lags a bit in areas. However South Korea as of today, I think anyone obxtive would call it a developed country. It’s literally way more technological than most of the countries in Europe (that get to be called developed).
South Koreans have had around 69 years of peace, to continually develop.

這就是為什么韓國在某些領域仍然稍顯落后。然而，至今的韓國，我認為任何客觀的人都會稱其為發(fā)達國家。它在科技方面實際上遠遠超過了大多數(shù)被稱為發(fā)達國家的歐洲國家。韓國人已經享受了大約69年的和平，以持續(xù)發(fā)展。

Andrew Li
I have got to disagree with this statement: "Japan even printed the first Hangul newspapers, and brought back Hangul teaching in Korean schools"
It paints a false picture that Japan's invasion was good for Korea. Korea lost so much during the Japanese occupation. Korean as a language ws banned in classrooms. Koreans were urged to switch to using Japanese names. Newspaper stations were shut down from printing in Korean. The 30 years of occupation was brutal and Koreans suffered enormously during that time.

我必須不同意這個說法：“日本甚至印刷了第一批韓文報紙，并在韓國學?；謴土隧n文教學?！边@給人一種錯誤的印象，認為日本的侵略對韓國是有益的。韓國在日本占領期間損失慘重。韓語在課堂上被禁止使用，韓國人被迫改用日本名字，報社被關閉，無法用韓文印刷。長達30年的占領是殘酷的，韓國人在這段時間遭受了巨大的痛苦。

"This is because the Japanese didn’t want the Chinese scxt replacing the native Korean one" is also a false statement.
Korea has been using Chinese characters since ancient times. Hangul was invented in the 1400s and was continuously used for grammatical placement. It's only after the Korean war when it was made the official scxt for the Koreas. The Japnese were doing the absolute opposite, they were trying to get rid of anything distinctly Korean and tried to replace it with Japanese.

“這是因為日本人不希望漢字取代本土的朝鮮文字”也是一個錯誤的說法。朝鮮自古以來就一直使用漢字。韓文是在15世紀發(fā)明的，并在語法上不斷使用。直到朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭之后，韓文才成為朝鮮的官方文字。日本人則做的完全相反，他們試圖消除任何具有明顯韓國特色的東西，并試圖用日本文化取而代之。

Tony Tan
Both are the US poodle colonies.
Japan is polite and very evil.
South Korea is barbaric and insane.
It appears that the polite and very evil entity has prevailed over the barbaric and insane entity in the short term.

兩者都是美國的“殖民地”。
日本禮貌而又非常邪惡。
韓國則野蠻而瘋狂。
看起來在短期內，禮貌且非常邪惡的實體戰(zhàn)勝了野蠻且瘋狂的實體。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網 http://m.top-shui.cn 轉載請注明出處

Intellix
Japan's heavy industry was built up with the help of the U.S. involvement in the Korean War when there was no South Korea.
Later, the Japanese economy once almost surpassed the U.S., and after the Plaza Accord the Japanese purchased large amounts of overseas assets.
The Japanese economy has a head start and a strong principal. Even when Japan's economy stagnated after the Plaza Accord, it remained richer than the vast majority of countries for many years.

日本的重工業(yè)是在美國參與朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的幫助下建立起來的，當時還沒有韓國。后來，日本經濟一度幾乎超過美國，并在廣場協(xié)議后大量購買海外資產。日本經濟有著先發(fā)優(yōu)勢和強大的基礎。即使在廣場協(xié)議后，日本經濟陷入停滯，但在許多年里，其財富仍然高于絕大多數(shù)國家。

Alex Kim
I don’t think that’s necessarily true anymore. Sure, there are certain aspects of Japanese infrastructure and technology that is more advanced than South Korea’s, but those are usually due to differences in needs and economic structures.
For example, Japan’s most famous piece of infrastructure is its bullet train network, which beats South Korea’s in many ways. However, the reason why Japan needs and continues to invest in its rail network is because Japan itself is long, making rail an extremely efficient way to connect the whole country. In addition, Japan has several stretches of flat land, which allows trains to actually achieve their maximum speeds.

我并不認為這現(xiàn)在仍然成立。確實，日本在某些基礎設施和技術方面比韓國更先進，但這些通常是由于需求和經濟結構的不同。例如，日本最著名的基礎設施是其高速鐵路網絡，在許多方面超過韓國的鐵路。然而，日本需要并繼續(xù)投資于其鐵路網絡的原因是因為日本本身很長，鐵路是連接整個國家的極為高效的方式。此外，日本有幾段平坦的土地，這使得列車能夠達到最大速度。

Meanwhile, South Korea is smaller, square-ish, and doesn’t have as many large plains. Thus, any advances in maximum speed or whatever won’t result in as-significant reductions in travel times.
Besides rail, I’ve never heard of Japanese infrastructure being noticeably better than South Korea’s. Both countries maintain their roads very well, and Seoul and Tokyo’s subway systems are both world-class.

相比之下，韓國的面積較小，形狀較為方正，沒有那么多大平原。因此，在最大速度或其他方面的任何進步都不會顯著減少旅行時間。除了鐵路，我沒有聽說過日本的基礎設施明顯優(yōu)于韓國的地方。兩國的道路維護得都很好，首爾和東京的地鐵系統(tǒng)都是世界級的。

Kevin Lim
Okay, I’ll compare with South Korea, for North Korea is… uh… you know, right?
Japan started to advance in those fields earlier than Korea.
And factors like population and land size are bigger.
Also, the backup of the basic science from the government is larger in Japan. Recently, the South Korean government decided to reduce them. Of course, people opposed it.
And in several parts, Korea is advanced but Japan has many cool research. Entirely, still, Japan can be the winner! Cheer up!

好的，我會和韓國比較，因為朝鮮是，嗯，你知道的，對吧？
日本在這些領域的進步早于韓國。人口和土地面積等因素影響很大。此外，日本在基礎科學方面的政府支持也更為強大。最近，韓國政府決定減少對基礎科學的支持，當然，這引起了民眾的反對。
在幾個方面，韓國是先進的，但日本在許多研究領域也很出色。整體來看，日本仍然可以被視為贏家！振作起來吧！

Economy! The modern economic history of the two countries is both full of miracles. The data below are based on English Wikipedia. In the past, Japan was a way more advanced country but nowadays, we need to compare those.
The nominal GDP of Japan(#4) is 2.5 times bigger than Korea(#13). And their PPP(#4) is 2.2 times bigger than Korea(#14). Their population is 126M(#11), which is 2.47 times more, while Korea has 51M(#29).

經濟!兩國的近代經濟史都充滿了奇跡。以下數(shù)據(jù)基于英文維基百科。在過去，日本是一個更先進的國家，但現(xiàn)在，我們需要比較它們。
日本（第4名）的名義GDP是韓國（第13名）的2.5倍。他們的購買力平價（排名第4）比韓國（排名第14）高2.2倍。他們的人口是1.26億（排名第11），是美國的2.47倍，而韓國有5100萬（排名第29）。

GDP growth, Korea recorded 2.0% and Japan recorded 1.3%. Cheer up!
GDP per capita, Korea(nominal #31 / PPP #29) can catch up with Japan(nominal #30 / PPP #34) next year! The gap is smaller than $800! Beware!
But Korea has a worse unemployment rate. HDI is the same, but for IDHI, Japan is higher, +0.012.

韓國的GDP增長率為2.0%，日本為1.3%。加油！
人均GDP方面，韓國（名義#31 / PPP #29）明年有望趕上日本（名義#30 / PPP #34），差距小于800美元！要小心哦！
不過，韓國的失業(yè)率較高。人類發(fā)展指數(shù)（HDI）相同，但調整后的HDI（IDHI）日本更高，差距為+0.012。

Let’s see Government debt. Korea first; 39.8% of GDP! Alright, let’s see Japan. Uh, 263.9% of GDP? I wonder what happened, but cheers. Hope Japan can pay them…
Credit rating, Korea has higher credit ratings from Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, Fitch…
Japan has 2.7 times more foreign reserves.

讓我們看看政府債務。韓國的債務占GDP的39.8%！好吧，那我們再看看日本。呃，263.9%？我想知道發(fā)生了什么，但祝好運，希望日本能還清這些債務…
信用評級方面，韓國在標準普爾、穆迪、惠譽的評級都更高…
而日本的外匯儲備是韓國的2.7倍。

Arunava Mookerjee
Since the late 19th Century Japan had been making strenuous efforts to match the then dominant European powers, Britain, France and Russia in technological development and military power. It's military power was completely destroyed by the Americans in 1945, but by then it had the intellectual reserve capacity to revive its industrial infrastructure. It proved this to such an extent that by 1969 it was the second biggest economic power in the world, behind the USA and some way ahead of Britain, Germany and France. Even today it is in 3rd position, China being in the 2nd.

自19世紀末以來，日本一直在努力趕上當時主導的歐洲列強——英國、法國和俄羅斯，在技術發(fā)展和軍事力量方面。1945年，美國徹底摧毀了其軍事力量，但到那時日本已經具備了恢復工業(yè)基礎設施的智力儲備。到1969年，它已經成為世界上第二大經濟大國，僅次于美國，在某種程度上領先于英國、德國和法國。。即使在今天，它仍然排在第三位，中國則位居第二。

Korea became independent in 1945 from Japanese occupation. The Japanese colonizers used Korea as a source of cheap manpower and as a bridgehead to the resources of Northern China. One benefit that the Japanese occupiers had left for the Koreans was that the Korean workers, though paid less wages, developed the Japanese style working efficiency and work ethics. The Korean war further damaged the Republic of Korea. Korea started developing industrially and technologically in 1969. It followed more or less Japanese economic and management model with which they had become familiar during Japanese occupation before 1945. ROK grew rapidly competing Japan in similar industries and products.

?朝鮮于1945年從日本占領下獨立。日本殖民者將朝鮮作為廉價勞動力的來源，并作為獲取中國北方資源的橋頭堡。日本占領者留給朝鮮人的一個好處是，雖然工資較低，但朝鮮工人培養(yǎng)了日本式的工作效率和職業(yè)道德。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭進一步損害了朝鮮的經濟。朝鮮在1969年開始了工業(yè)和技術的發(fā)展。它在一定程度上遵循了在1945年之前日本占領期間熟悉的日本經濟和管理模式。朝鮮迅速發(fā)展，開始在相似的產業(yè)和產品上與日本競爭。

Japan had a long head start on technological development over Korea. Naturally, even now, it is on more favourable ground in technology over Korea.

日本在技術發(fā)展上對韓國有很長的領先優(yōu)勢。自然，即使在今天，它在技術上仍然處于比韓國更有利的位置。

Bruce Hyland
Japan ranks 19th on the HDI, and ROK ranks 23rd. Japan’s median wealth per capita is $112,980 (16th) with a GINI of 64.4, while ROK’s is $89,671 (22nd) with a GINI of 67.6. There’s really almost nothing to choose between them, allowing for statistical errors in the data. If Japan has a slight advantage, it’s because it was industrialized well before WW2, whereas ROK was a Japanese vassal state and did not even begin to modernize until the 1970s.
I remember visiting the first car factory in ROK. It was such an amateur operation that I could not believe it would ever amount to anything. Was I ever wrong!

日本在 HDI 排名中位列第 19，韓國則位列第 23。日本的人均中位財富為 112,980 美元（第 16），基尼系數(shù)為 64.4，而韓國的人均中位財富為 89,671 美元（第 22），基尼系數(shù)為 67.6。考慮到數(shù)據(jù)中的統(tǒng)計誤差，它們之間幾乎沒有什么可選擇的。如果說日本有一點優(yōu)勢，那是因為它在二戰(zhàn)前就已經工業(yè)化了，而韓國是日本的附屬國，直到20世紀70年代才開始現(xiàn)代化。
我記得訪問韓國的第一家汽車工廠，那真是一個業(yè)余操作，我根本無法相信它會有什么前途。結果我錯得很離譜

Dangling Legs Giraffe
I believe ROK did not exist back in WWII when whole Korean Peninsula was under Japanese occupation and was regarded as “Japan proper”.

我認為在二戰(zhàn)期間，韓國并不存在，當時整個朝鮮半島都在日本占領之下，被視為“日本本土”。

Yuniko
South Korea GDP per capita: 48.000$
Japanese GDP per capita: 42.000$
South Korean HDI: 0.916
Japanese HDI: 0.895
South Korea’s innovations: 1st place in the world.
Japanese innovations: 6th place in the world.
South Korean GDP growth: 4% per year
Japanese GDP growth: -1% per year
South Korean global rank: AAA
Japanese global rank: A+

韓國人均GDP：48,000美元
日本人均GDP：42,000美元
韓國HDI：0.916
日本HDI：0.895
韓國的創(chuàng)新：世界第一
日本的創(chuàng)新：世界第六
韓國GDP增長：每年4%
日本GDP增長：每年-1%
韓國全球評級：AAA
日本全球評級：A+

Bruce Hyland
Japan is 19th on the HDI with a 0.919, while ROK is 23rd with a 0.916. GDP per capita is a meaningless statistic: it just shows that there are a few rich people but gives no indication of general living standards. MEDIAN wealth per capita is higher in Japan than in ROK, and the GINI is lower, so the average standard of living is superior in Japan.

日本在HDI排名中位列第19，分數(shù)為0.919，而韓國位列第23，分數(shù)為0.916。人均GDP是一個無意義的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，它僅顯示少數(shù)富人，卻無法反映整體生活水平。日本的人均中位財富高于韓國，基尼系數(shù)較低，因此日本的平均生活水平更高。

Remko Popma
This is a really simple question to answer.
Both Korea and Japan are societies modeled upon Confucian principles. Confucius taught that above all else, education and social order were the most important things for keeping a harmonious and productive society. This means that, embedded into the core of the national psyche, is a fundamental respect for education.
The benefit of this is that instead of smart academic achievers being seen as outcasts, dorky and nerdy as they are in “Western” countries, they are actually considered desirable traits by both men and women.

這個問題的答案很簡單。
韓國和日本都是以儒家原則為基礎的社會?？鬃咏虒?，教育和社會秩序是維持和諧與高效社會的最重要因素。這意味著，尊重教育已經深入國家的核心心理。
這一點的好處在于，聰明的學術 achievers 不會像在“西方”國家那樣被視為邊緣人物或書呆子，而是被男性和女性所欣賞。

This means that a very high proportion of women as well as men end up going into the science, engineering and technology sectors.
These are the people that research, design and build technology and that is why Japan and Korea are both highly technologically advanced countries but at the same time, they are also highly bureaucratic (which you could blame on Confucius too).
Confucian fundamentals mixed with free market Capitalist driving forces and a lack of social stigma against academic achievement is the answer you are looking for.

這意味著，許多女性和男性最終進入科學、工程和技術領域。這些人負責研究、設計和構建技術，因此日本和韓國都是高度發(fā)達的科技國家，但同時它們也高度官僚（這也可以歸咎于儒家思想）。
儒家基本原則與自由市場資本主義驅動力的結合，以及對學術成就沒有社會污名，這是你正在尋找的答案。

為什么日本在技術和經濟上比韓國更先進？

為什么日本在技術和經濟上比韓國更先進？