Why was Heathrow airport slow to resume operations after substation fire?
Time spent switching power supply and rebooting systems raises doubts over resilience of Europe’s largest aviation hub

為何希思羅機(jī)場在變電站火災(zāi)后恢復(fù)運(yùn)營如此緩慢?
電源切換和系統(tǒng)重啟耗費(fèi)的時間,引發(fā)人們對歐洲最大航空樞紐抗風(fēng)險能力的質(zhì)疑。


Heathrow started its first flights after the shutdown on Friday evening ? Carlos Jasso/Reuters

周五晚暫停運(yùn)營后,希思羅機(jī)場已恢復(fù)首批航班起降"

Heathrow is coming under growing scrutiny over its decision to close for nearly 24 hours following a fire at a nearby electrical substation, even though it was still able to receive power from other parts of the grid.
Senior management at Europe’s busiest airport took the decision to close on Friday as they battled to restore full power to a complex that uses the same amount of electricity as a small city.
But John Pettigrew, chief executive of National Grid which operates Britain’s high-voltage transmission network, told the Financial Times that two other substations serving Heathrow were working throughout the incident, meaning the airport never lost potential access to power.
As concerns grow over the resilience of the UK’s critical infrastructure, Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer on Monday said “there are questions” for airport executives to answer over the scale of disruption.
Why wasn’t there enough backup power to run the airport?

希思羅機(jī)場因附近變電站火災(zāi)關(guān)閉近24小時的決定,正面臨愈發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的質(zhì)疑——盡管該機(jī)場本仍可通過電網(wǎng)其他部分維持電力供應(yīng)。
作為歐洲最繁忙的機(jī)場,其管理層上周五決定暫停運(yùn)營,當(dāng)時他們正全力為這座耗電量堪比小型城市的航空樞紐恢復(fù)全面供電。
然而,負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)營英國高壓輸電網(wǎng)的國家電網(wǎng)公司首席執(zhí)行官約翰·佩蒂格魯向英國《金融時報》透露,其實(shí)。機(jī)場關(guān)閉期間另有兩座為希思羅供電的變電站始終正常運(yùn)行,這說明機(jī)場從未失去潛在電力供應(yīng)渠道。
隨著各界對英國關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施抗災(zāi)能力的擔(dān)憂加劇,基爾斯塔默首相周一表示,機(jī)場管理層需要就此次大規(guī)模停運(yùn)事件'作出解釋'。
為何機(jī)場沒有配備足夠的備用電源維持運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)?"

Heathrow has enough diesel generators to power critical operations, including its control tower and runway lights, and passengers were able to safely leave the airport late on Thursday night after the outage was first ed. But its generators do not have the capacity to run the whole airport.
Simon Gallagher, managing director of UK Networks Services, a consultancy specialising in power grids, said few other airports have better backup supplies than Heathrow.
But he said other industries “are far more resilient”.
“The airport industry as a whole has this issue with resilience?.?.?.?other industries with even bigger connections ensure they never go off supply,” he said.

希思羅機(jī)場雖配備有足夠驅(qū)動關(guān)鍵設(shè)施(包括空管塔臺與跑道指示燈)的柴油發(fā)電機(jī),且在周四夜間首次斷電后已確保乘客安全離場,但其備用電力并不具備支撐整個機(jī)場正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的能力。
英國專業(yè)電網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域咨詢公司董事總經(jīng)理西蒙·加拉格爾表示,很少有其他機(jī)場配置的備用電源能達(dá)到希思羅機(jī)場的水平。但他也同時指出,其他行業(yè)'抗災(zāi)能力明顯更強(qiáng)'。
'整個航空業(yè)在抗災(zāi)能力建設(shè)上存在系統(tǒng)性缺陷……即使其他更大規(guī)模的行業(yè)都能確保永不中斷供電。'

How does Heathrow’s resilience compare?
A nearby data centre run by Ark Data Centres, which is equipped with 12 emergency generators, was also affected by Friday’s substation fire, but says it managed to avoid disruption by switching on its backup supply.
“I don’t think that the people buying services off me would buy them without this resilience built in,” said Huw Owen, Ark’s chief executive.
A 2023 US government found one large hub airport ed having 10 diesel fuel generators and enough fuel on site to power the entire airport for three weeks. The airport was seen as an outlier, analysts said.
Resilience must “strike the right balance between risks and costs”, said Olivier Jankovec, director-general of trade group Airports Council International Europe. “Ensuring minimum disruptions and keeping operations going as much as possible is simply not always possible — especially when faced with rare and extreme events.”

希思羅的抗災(zāi)能力究竟處于何種水平?
同樣受周五變電站火災(zāi)影響的Ark數(shù)據(jù)中心(配備12臺應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī))表示,其通過及時啟用備用電源成功避免了業(yè)務(wù)中斷。
Ark數(shù)據(jù)中心首席執(zhí)行官休·歐文表示:'若沒有這種內(nèi)建的抗災(zāi)能力,我認(rèn)為客戶根本不會使用我們的服務(wù)。'
美國政府2023年一項(xiàng)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),某大型樞紐機(jī)場配置了10臺柴油發(fā)電機(jī)及可維持三周運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的現(xiàn)場燃料儲備,但分析師指出該案例屬行業(yè)特例。
歐洲國際機(jī)場協(xié)會總干事奧利維爾·揚(yáng)科維奇強(qiáng)調(diào),抗災(zāi)能力建設(shè)必須'在風(fēng)險與成本間找到精準(zhǔn)平衡點(diǎn)'。'既要確保最低限度的運(yùn)行中斷,又要最大限度維持運(yùn)營——但面對偶發(fā)極端事件時,這往往難以兼顧。'

Why did it take so long to restart if power was available?
While the fire took North Hyde substation out of operation, two others remained capable of providing power to the airport. But in order to access the power from the remaining two substations, Heathrow said it had to “reconfigure” its internal electrical networks.
In practice, this meant the airport had to send technicians to its own power distribution points, where they physically toggled circuit breakers to disconnect Heathrow from North Hyde and reconnect it to the other stations.

關(guān)鍵疑問:既然電力未斷,為何恢復(fù)耗時如此之久?
盡管北海德變電站因火災(zāi)停運(yùn),但另兩座變電站仍具備向機(jī)場供電的能力。希思羅機(jī)場表示,要接入這兩座變電站的電力,需對其內(nèi)部電網(wǎng)進(jìn)行'重構(gòu)配置'。
實(shí)際操作中,機(jī)場技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)需前往自主配電節(jié)點(diǎn),通過物理切換斷路器實(shí)現(xiàn)雙重操作:先切斷與北海德變電站的連接,再接入其他兩座變電站。


The airport also had to shut down, restart and systematically test hundreds of its systems before it could resume operations.

機(jī)場還必須關(guān)閉、重新啟動,并對數(shù)百個系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)測試后,才能恢復(fù)運(yùn)營。

Heathrow said: “Given Heathrow’s size and operational complexity, safely restarting operations after a disruption of this magnitude was a significant challenge.”
It is unclear how long each step of the process took, and some experts said they were surprised by the length of time it took to return the airport to normal operation.
Heathrow announced at 4.30am on Friday that it would close until midnight, and by 12.30pm it had begun restarting its systems. By 4pm the airport was “100 per cent confident that all systems were safely operating”, said transport secretary Heidi Alexander. The first flights restarted around 7pm.
“In some ways, this seems to [have been] a process failure,” said David Wallom, professor of informatics at Oxford university. “It seems like Heathrow had never considered the possibility of this scale of failure.”

希思羅機(jī)場表示:“考慮到希思羅機(jī)場的規(guī)模以及運(yùn)營復(fù)雜性,在遭受如此重大破壞后安全恢復(fù)運(yùn)營是一項(xiàng)重大挑戰(zhàn)?!?br /> 目前尚不清楚系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)過程每個環(huán)節(jié)所耗時間,一些專家表示,對機(jī)場恢復(fù)正常運(yùn)營所需時長表示震驚。
周五凌晨4點(diǎn)30分,希思羅宣布關(guān)閉至午夜;中午12點(diǎn)30分啟動系統(tǒng)重啟程序。交通大臣海蒂·亞歷山大表示,至下午4點(diǎn)時機(jī)場已'百分百確認(rèn)所有系統(tǒng)安全運(yùn)行'。首批航班于晚7點(diǎn)左右復(fù)飛。
牛津大學(xué)信息學(xué)教授戴維·瓦隆指出:'從某些層面看,這暴露出希思羅機(jī)場流程缺陷。該機(jī)場似乎從未考慮過解決可能可能出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模故障的應(yīng)急預(yù)案。'

Should Heathrow have been better prepared?
All contingency planning requires a “weighing up of the economics”, said Malte Jansen, an energy policy researcher at Sussex university.
“No technical system will be 100 per cent fail-proof,” he said. “I didn’t get the feeling this was a reckless design — the system is designed to be reliable and a very unlikely case has come to fruition.”
Nevertheless, power industry executives said Heathrow should have been better prepared given its status as Europe’s busiest airport. The ability to switch power quickly “should be a minimum standard”, said one executive.

希思羅機(jī)場是否應(yīng)做好更為充分的準(zhǔn)備?
薩塞克斯大學(xué)能源政策研究員馬爾特·詹森表示,所有應(yīng)急預(yù)案都需進(jìn)行'經(jīng)濟(jì)性權(quán)衡'。
'沒有任何技術(shù)系統(tǒng)能實(shí)現(xiàn)百分百故障免疫,'他補(bǔ)充道,'我不認(rèn)為這是草率的設(shè)計——系統(tǒng)本就追求可靠性,只是恰巧觸發(fā)極低概率事件。'
然而,電力行業(yè)高管強(qiáng)調(diào),作為歐洲最為繁忙的機(jī)場,希思羅理應(yīng)具有更為完備的應(yīng)急預(yù)案。某高管直言:'快速切換電源本應(yīng)是最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。'

Firefighters work to douse the flames at North Hyde substation near Heathrow ? AFP via Getty Images

正在希思羅機(jī)場附近海德變電站滅火的消防員

A 2014 by consultancy Jacobs, prepared as part of an earlier Heathrow expansion push, said “even a brief interruption to electricity supplies could have a long-lasting impact”.
But it concluded “Heathrow is equipped with on-site generation and appears to have resilient electricity supplies that are compliant with regulations and standards”.
Heathrow has spent a total of £7.4bn in capital expenditure on the airport since 2014, including on new security scanners. But at a time when landing fees have risen, airlines have criticised its owners for spending this money inefficiently, leaving the airport with ageing infrastructure.

2014年,雅各布斯咨詢公司為希思羅機(jī)場早期擴(kuò)建計劃的建議報告中表示:'即便短暫斷電亦可能引發(fā)長期影響。'
但結(jié)論仍認(rèn)定'希思羅配有現(xiàn)場發(fā)電設(shè)備,或可擁有符合法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的彈性電力供應(yīng)'。
自2014年以來,思羅共計投入74億英鎊,包含新型安檢掃描儀,用于機(jī)場資本支出。但隨著起降費(fèi)的上漲,航司批評其運(yùn)營方資金使用效率低下,導(dǎo)致機(jī)場基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施老化。"